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Mental health is a level of psychological well-being, or an absence of a mental disorder;〔About.com (2006, July 25). ''What is Mental Health?''. Retrieved June 1, 2007, from (About.com )〕 it is the "psychological state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment".〔Princeton University. Retrieved May 4, 2014, from (Princeton.edu )〕 From the perspective of positive psychology or holism, mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life, and create a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience.〔 According to World Health Organization (WHO) mental health includes "subjective well-being, perceived self-efficacy, autonomy, competence, intergenerational dependence, and self-actualization of one's intellectual and emotional potential, among others."〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=The world health report 2001 - Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope )〕 WHO further states that the well-being of an individual is encompassed in the realization of their abilities, coping with normal stresses of life, productive work and contribution to their community.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Mental health: strengthening our response )〕 However, cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how "mental health" is defined.〔 A person struggling with his or her mental/behavioral health may face stress, depression, anxiety, relationship problems, grief, addiction, ADHD or learning disabilities, mood disorders, or other psychological concerns.〔http://captus.samhsa.gov/prevention-practice/prevention-and-behavioral-health/behavioral-health-lens-prevention/1〕〔Kitchener, BA & Jorm, AF, 2002, Mental Health First Aid Manual. Centre for Mental Health Research, Canberra.. p 5〕 Therapists, life coaches, psychologists, nurse practitioners or physicians can help manage behavioral health concerns with treatments such as therapy, counseling, or medication. The new field of global mental health is "the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving mental health and achieving equity in mental health for all people worldwide". Some mental health clinics are now identified by the phrase ''behavioral wellness''. ==History== In the mid-19th century, William Sweetser〔William Sweetser, 1797-1875, Prof. Medicine at University of Vermont (1825-32), Bowdoin College (1845-61). Biography : John R. Shook, Dictionary of Early American Philosophers, Bloomsbury, 2012. (Online Books by William Sweetser ).〕 was the first to coin the term "mental hygiene" which can be seen as the precursor to contemporary approaches to work on promoting positive mental health.〔Wallace Mandell (1995), ''Origins of Mental Health, The Realization of an Idea'', Johns Hopkins University,. Retrieved June 9, 2015, from (JHSPH.edu )〕 Isaac Ray, one of the thirteen founders of the American Psychiatric Association, further defined mental hygiene as an art to preserve the mind against incidents and influences which would inhibit or destroy its energy, quality or development. Dorothea Dix (1802–1887) was an important figure in the development of "mental hygiene" movement. Dix was a school teacher who endeavored throughout her life to help people with mental disorders, and to bring to light the deplorable conditions into which they were put.〔Barlow, D.H., Durand, V.M., Steward, S.H. (2090). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach (Second Canadian Edition). Toronto: Nelson. p.16〕 This was known as the "mental hygiene movement".〔 Before this movement, it was not uncommon that people affected by mental illness in the 19th century would be considerably neglected, often left alone in deplorable conditions, barely even having sufficient clothing.〔 Dix's efforts were so great that there was a rise in the number of patients in mental health facilities, which sadly resulted in these patients receiving less attention and care, as these institutions were largely understaffed.〔 Emil Kraepelin in 1896 developed the taxonomy mental disorders which has dominated the field for nearly 80 years. Later the proposed disease model of abnormality was subjected to analysis and considered normality to be relative to the physical, geographical and cultural aspects of the defining group. At the beginning of the 20th century, Clifford Beers founded the Mental Health America - National Committee for Mental Hygiene after publication of his accounts from lived experience in lunatic asylums "A mind that found itself" in 1908〔Amanda Peck (2013),''Mental Health America – Origins'', Retrieved June 9, 2015, from (The Social Welfare History Project ).〕 and opened the first outpatient mental health clinic in the United States of America.〔Clifford Beers Clinic. (2006, October 30). ''About Clifford Beers Clinic''. Retrieved June 1, 2007, from (CliffordBeers.org )〕 The mental hygiene movement, related to the social hygiene movement, had at times been associated with advocating eugenics and sterilisation of those considered too mentally deficient to be assisted into productive work and contented family life.〔(Social Hygiene in 20th Century Britain ) Taylor & Francis, Page 80 to 83〕〔(Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society: Hygiene ) Jacqueline S. Wilkie.〕 After the post-war years, In 1945 references to mental hygiene were gradually replaced by the term 'mental health' due to its positive aspect that evolves from the treatment of illness to preventive and promotive areas of healthcare.〔(The roots of the concept of mental health ) José Bertolote, World Psychiatry. 2008 June; 7(2): 113–116. PMCID: PMC2408392〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「mental health」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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